Back Radiation Greenhouse Effect of 33 Kelvin Possible? The words are definitely different. I was under the impression clouds had a warming effect at night. And I believe your essay deserves more comments than they have received. When we say carbon is an element, there is no reference to the number of individual particles of carbon. So why do I labour the point? From the Latin word carbo:charcoal. Air at 40C and 20% relative humidity (typical for Phoenix in the summer) has a moist enthalpy of 64.5 kJ/kg. So if the water vapor content is 4%, as can happen in the humid tropics, nitrogen is reduced to about 75%, and oxygen to about 20%. Synthetic diamonds are now manufactured in several countries and are being used increasingly in place of natural materials as industrial abrasives. As a simple example, if the absorbing object is half the absolute temperature of the original source of the light, its subsequent spontaneous emission will be 1/16 (1/2^4) of the absorbed (for the same emissivity). So why do the Warmists not blame Water Vapour? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population Furthermore, through some obscure references to the work of Svante Arrhenius, some people have been persuaded that the Earth is getting hotter and hotter, owing to the presence of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere, even though it is only a trace gas at 0.04{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of the whole. Graphite is used as a lubricant. The signal (message) in the radiation can be jammed, but not the radiation itself. By the way, the 1% trace gas component is overwhelmingly argon, which is completely transparent to IR. They dare not sue, because to do…, Does this come as any surprise? When Feynman (and others) talk about induced or stimulated emission, they are talking about phenomena such as fluorescence, which are not relevant here. January 20/7 12/0 The following products result: (1) diamond properâdistorted cubic crystalline gem-quality stones varying from colourless to red, pink, blue, green, or yellow; (2) bortâminute dark crystals of abrasive but not gem quality; (3) ballasârandomly oriented crystals of abrasive quality; (4) maclesâtriangular pillow-shaped crystals that are industrially useful; and (5) carbonadoâmixed diamondâgraphite crystallites containing other impurities. Isolated finds around the world in regions where no sources are indicated have not been uncommon. Carbon is a very abundant element. One mistake was that the average surface temperature is not the average air temperature. . It is true that Nitrogen and Oxygen, which together comprise 99{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of the atmosphere, are transparent to infrared radiation, whereas the Greenhouse gases are opaque, so a bizarre and totally illogical conclusion is reached that Greenhouse gases cause warming. This surely must have been one of the most colossal mistakes ever perpetrated on the human race. Carbon chains form the basis of complex molecules like DNA. This is indeed curious, since this gas is used to make Dry Ice; it is used in Fire Extinguishers and also in Nurseries to speed up the growth of tomatoes, for example. It is nonmetallic and tetravalentâmaking four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Carbon has a valency of four, ⦠But yeah, graphite is simply a whole bunch of carbons bound together. Updates? These hydrocarbons, extracted naturally as fossil fuels ⦠Subsequently, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and tantalum were substituted for iron. Pure diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance known and is a poor conductor of electricity. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite of ancient volcanic "pipes," found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. June 40/24 30/18 (Scattering is NOT absorption.) July 41/28 32/21 Updated September 07, 2018 Carbon is the element with atomic number 6 on the periodic table with symbol C. This nonmetallic element is the key to the chemistry of living organisms, primarily due to its tetravalent state, which allows it to form four covalent chemical bonds with other atoms. Here is my question. Carbon is most commonly obtained from coal deposits, although it usually must be processed into a form suitable for commercial use. You believe I do not know that scattering is not absorption? Their heat-seeking missiles work VERY well. A natural sequence of chemical reactions called the carbon cycleâinvolving conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by photosynthesis in plants, the consumption of these carbohydrates by animals and oxidation of them through metabolism to produce carbon dioxide and other products, and the return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphereâis one of the most important of all biological processes. For you direct a reader’s attention to important facts. Since there is also a well-known Carbon Cycle, where we know that green plants feed on Carbon Dioxide and produce Oxygen as a by-product for all mankind to breathe, it must surely be the most ridiculous error ever to have been perpetrated. While there is no truth, only briefs; there are observed facts which cannot be debated. Varying the number of electrons in an atom of an element produces ions. (Coals are elemental carbon mixed with varying amounts of carbon compounds. It is one of the most abundant elements in the earth. Had these Warmists concentrated on Water Vapour then indeed they might have had a case, since it is clearly observable that in a hot dry climate there is an abrupt decline in temperature when the sun goes down, whereas in a muggy damp atmosphere the temperature declines slowly. There is no way that they could blame the human race for Water Vapour. The successful laboratory conversion of graphite to diamond was made in 1955. That was carbon. The answer is simple – you have it in one. In fact, the same element that our prehistoric ancestors burned as charcoal may be the key to next-generation tech materials.In 1985, Rick Smalley and Robert Curl of Rice University in Texas and their colleagues discovered a new form of carbon. It is a direct affront to Great Nature – it is like spitting in the face of God the Creator. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. It was later found to occur naturally in tiny amounts on Earth and in meteorites. So each drop adds 10ppm of a substance that is absorptive of some wavelengths of visible light. Now since we all know from experience that heat flows by itself from hot to cold – which is the second law of Thermodynamics – and which has just been impressed on me again as my wife just prepared a hot supper, urging me to get to the table in time, the very idea that these tiny molecules become a barrier high up in the atmosphere to cause warming is just a ridiculous conclusion. temps and water vapor are concentrated adjacent to the equator and are dispersed towards each pole in a regular cycle with the minimums at those poles. Thus, together with sulfur, iron, tin, lead, copper, mercury, silver, and gold, carbon was one of the small group of elements well known in the ancient world. The single known source in the United States, in Arkansas, has no commercial importance; nor is India, once a source of fine diamonds, a significant present-day supplier. Modern carbon chemistry dates from the development of coals, petroleum, and natural gas as fuels and from the elucidation of synthetic organic chemistry, both substantially developed since the 1800s. Graphite, on the other hand, is a soft slippery solid that is a good conductor of both heat and electricity. Carbon is an element of the Periodic Table. Bone black, or animal charcoal, can adsorb gases and colouring matter from many other materials. Carbon is unique among the elements in its ability to form strongly bonded chains, sealed off by hydrogen atoms. Phoenix latitude 33.4: altitude 1106 feet Carbon is an element of the Periodic Table. Carbon is the cosmic product of the âburningâ of helium, in which three helium nuclei, atomic weight 4, fuse to produce a carbon nucleus, atomic weight 12. If the radiative greenhouse effect of back radiation is correct the higher water vapour levels (and cloud) at Atlanta should cause that city to be warmer than Phoenix. PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL is legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. A better crystallized form, known as pyrolytic graphite, is obtained from the decomposition of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons by heat. Omissions? Note that this may not be a steady-state case — I just bring it up as an understandable example. Atlanta is partly cloudy year round. Carbon exists in va⦠Average max/min temperatures Phoenix Atlanta Carbon is a long-studied element, but that doesn't mean there isn't more to discover. The Two Bottles Experiment Explained, Older PROM papers are now under the Publications menu. Every carbon atom is covalently bonded at the four corners of the tetrahedron to four other carbon atoms. Now is that a fact? Aha! Telephone: Calls from within the UK: 020 7419 5027. International dialling: (44) 20 7419 5027. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Carbon is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6. December 20/7 13/2. Three naturally occurring allotropes of carbon are known to exist: amorphous, graphite and diamond. Although widely distributed in nature, carbon is not particularly plentifulâit makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earthâs crustâyet it forms more compounds than all the other elements combined. Take 1 liter of water in a glass container. The first one seems to have no comments section but I will ask a question at the second one. So maybe this comment will be read by more than there is evidence that my previous essays have. Hence .. no back radiation can exist to warm the earth. It is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, and it plays a crucial role in the health and stability of the planet through the carbon cycle. This has been the battle cry of all those acolytes of the Arch Priest and one-time Vice President of the United States, Al Gore. I think that accurate measurements (if possible at all! Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table. An observed fact is the downwelling IR is seldom ever greater than the upwelling radiation from the surface. Cheers. Here are two questions. Which radiation balance should occur locally just as well as globally?. The fact that the molecules of the entire Greenhouse Gases are just one in one hundred, and that at altitude they are farther and farther apart, with ‘nothing’ in between the molecules, means that the whole idea of a Greenhouse block suspended high up in the Troposphere is just a non-starter. All the trash that is trumpeted about emissions of Carbon Dioxide is just that – trash! A few years ago in the USA some bright sparks in the EPA had a vote as to whether Carbon Dioxide should be called a pollutant, and such was the political atmosphere at the time that the vote went 3:2 in favour of calling this noble Gas a pollutant. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Yes, it is a fact. Is that a fact? However, the climate of Phoenix is described as dry desert with low levels of humidity (water vapour) while Atlanta is described as humid, sub-tropical. Most of the conclusions of the Warmists can be shown to be not only unscientific, but also totally illogical. They are two separate processes. Coral and the shells of oysters and clams are primarily calcium carbonate. The procedure involved the simultaneous use of extremely high pressure and temperature with iron as a solvent or catalyst. In diamond, each carbon atom bonds to four others in a dense network that makes the material the hardest substance known. It is my understanding that a weak radio signal can be “jammed” by a more powerful transmitter at the same frequency. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Before the discovery in 1779 that graphite when burned in air forms carbon dioxide, graphite was confused with both the metal lead and a superficially similar substance, the mineral molybdenite. Located between boron (B) and nitrogen (N), it is a very stable element. A carbon atom is capable of combining with up to four other atoms (tetravalent), including other carbon atoms; it is this property that allows so many compounds to be formed. But, Water Vapor at a disperson of 0-4% of the Atmosphere is ALSO TERMED AS A GREENHOUSE GAS. It is evident the designers focused upon the air temperatures because of the tradition that air temperature had been from the beginning been accepted as a proxy for the earth’s surface temperature in the S-B radiation law. PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Yet it is rather i…, Copernicus Meets the Greenhouse Effect (PDF), Absence Of A Measurable Greenhouse Effect, Greenhouse Effect Theory Within the UN IPCC, Why CO2 Has Nothing To Do With Temperature, The Planck Blackbody Equation and Atmospheric Radiative Transfer, Finite Element Model for Atmospheric IR-Absorption, One-way heat flow formulation with Planck absorption and re-emission, Alternative Theory To Man-Made CO2’s Influence On Climate, Keynesian Economics’ Relationship To Economic Prolems. A small plane trying to contact the ground could have its signal jammed by a ground based transmitter of higher power. Molecules of fullerene show promise in a range of applications, including high-tensile-strength materials, unique electronic and energy-storage devices, and safe encapsulation of flammable gases, such as hydrogen. The distance between carbon atoms along the bond is 1.54 × â¦ The primary source of diamonds is a soft bluish peridotic rock called kimberlite (after the famous deposit at Kimberley, South Africa), found in volcanic structures called pipes, but many diamonds occur in alluvial deposits presumably resulting from the weathering of primary sources. However, if I am just shining a flashlight at you, the fact that you are shining a brighter flashlight at me in no way diminishes how you perceive my light. Far from being a pollutant, this gas is a source of life, without which we, and all the animal kingdom, would have been decimated long ago. Lessons From A Chicken Wire Stack On Moon, Global Cooling: Beware the Snowman Cometh. You have three major types of carbons: graphite, diamond, and the fullerenes. Yet another form, called amorphous carbon, has no crystalline structure. Carbon is a very important chemical element, with a chemical symbol of C.All known life on Earth needs it. 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