Long after oats have expired from the cold weather, winter rye will … The result is the conversion of the rye grain to the rye flake. The rye accumulated much greater biomass than oats in the fall, providing better winter cover to reduce runoff, erosion, and P loss potential. 1. The rye cover crop produced much higher levels of biomass than the oats during the fall season after seeding, as measured on 3 December (Table 1). The cover crop next spring will be planted by the NRCS folks. Triple threat!! Both cover crops provide soil cover and take up residual N from the previous growing season, thereby reducing both N and P losses. So I do not have the option of pasturing cows, or planting some dynamite food plot for a year. It’s probably too much work if you are going to only do it for one year, but maybe it would be cheaper in the long run instead of planting several times. New York State Soil Health Characterization | Part I: Soil Health and Texture. You can use the flakes to make porridge, add them to home-made muesli or use them in baking – in short, you can put them to all the same uses as you would rolled oats. Oats are similar to barley despite lacking gluten and are difficult to bake into breads etc. This last year, we tried this method on 40 organic acres at the WCROC. 1 cup warm water. Sorry guys, I tried to give you the SHORT story version to save some boring details… Rye is $4-5 bucks more per bag of seed. So let us take a look at some of the emerging grains that have been playing a bigger role in … Use the right equipment and work smart and 16,000 trees is only a weekend project. No-till drills are terrific for planting after a cover crop has been terminating and the fuel and equiment savings will often pay for the drill for the professional user. Land application of manure creates conditions conducive for significant environmental losses of nutrients. The height of the cover crop prevents airborne seeds from reaching the soil and germinating. Also, on the latter two dates soil material was collected for measurement of nitrous oxide emission potential using a method involving simulated rainfall (to induce denitrification) and 96-hour incubation at the seasonal temperatures (50oF for 7 April and 60oF for 28 April). Rye cultivation area in Turkey in 1960 which was 670 thousand hectares has dropped to 242 thousand hectares in 1987. Many translated example sentences containing "rye, oats" – French-English dictionary and search engine for French translations. The results of this study are clear:  During the winter and spring period when field N and P losses can be high, rye cover crops show great potential to mitigate negative environmental effects. Rye can produce high forage yields but is more coarsely stemmed and less palatable than some other forages. Leave this field blank. Common planting rates are 50 to 150 lbs. Can you put any cattle on it next year? Porridge vs. Oatmeal Health Benefits. I have no advice like Ralph but am curious how one plants 2600 stems per acre of trees. They are pushing for Oats for some reason. 1/2 cup rolled oats. In all, the rye cover crop had significantly greater positive effects in terms of reducing P and N loss potentials, while the benefits of the oats were minimal. farmers with potential wild oat problems in their crop differentiating wild oats from cultivated oats or other cereals to determine whether they should spray their crops; In order to identify different cereal species, close observation of the seedlings at the junction of the leaf-sheath and leaf-blade is required. The purpose is to strictly cover the ground for weed suppression. Quadrats of rye and oats were subsequently harvested on 3 December, 2010 and analyzed for N uptake. I assume you are going to plant it to native grasses or something once it goes into CRP or are you just going to let it go? I’ve done multiple large scale projects similar to yours. Soybean Cyst Nematode: The Greatest Threat to NY Soybean Production is Here to Stay. Rye. Viewing 19 posts - 1 through 19 (of 19 total), Any resorts letting wheel houses out behind trucks or atv, 8" Ion in Excellent Condition w/battery and charger, What do your better halfs wear on their feet. 235 was growing with the rye in the third picture, but like you said it doesn't look the same. – Dictionnaire français-anglais et moteur de recherche de traductions françaises. Although results may vary seasonally, the winter hardy rye cover crop should be given strong preference over oats when the primary objective is to reduce nutrient losses to the environment. This form is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. It is simply there to pass the time and keep the weeds down until the carry over herbicide residuals subside. Rye is $4-5 bucks more per bag of seed. *rv:11./),i=b.querySelectorAll("iframe.wp-embedded-content");for(c=0;c1e3)g=1e3;else if(~~g<200)g=200;f.height=g}if("link"===d.message)if(h=b.createElement("a"),i=b.createElement("a"),h.href=f.getAttribute("src"),i.href=d.value,i.host===h.host)if(b.activeElement===f)a.top.location.href=d.value}else;}},d)a.addEventListener("message",a.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),b.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",c,!1),a.addEventListener("load",c,!1)}(window,document);//-->< ! some horses oats have molasses and minerals added to it, never tried those, don’t think they would do you any good.
91reddog wrote:
Which I’m sure you guys in Minnesota are used to. Rice. In which there will be 7 rows (spaced at the maximum of 16ft between rows, chosen by me to A) suck up as much ground as possible on the contract and B) be better for wildlife utilizing the tree belt), each row is running 5600ft long, containing 800 specimens per row. Issue is.. Instead you have a nice fall crop to feed deer and hunt over, plus a great early spring crop for the deer to feed on. So bottom line is does it matter enough to you to bother going against what the NRCS guys want to do? Statewide herbicide resistance screening to start in 2020: Help us to help you! 1/4 cup cocoa powder. Winter-Forage Small Grains to Boost Feed Supply: Not Just a Cover Crop Anymore! In this study, we tested the ability of oats (Avena sativa L.) and winter rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crops to reduce nutrient losses through multiple potential pathways during the early winter and spring season in a soil with a history of manure application. Soil water was sampled at 20 inch depth using a tension lysimeter to determine the nitrate content. Oats showed no improvements in reducing nitrate leaching compared to the no-cover crop option. Get it in early spring and it will take off right away, then when it seeds out, let it, then a week or two later mow it. This may work well for organic production since most organic farmers plant their corn and soybeans later to avoid early spring weed flushes. Rye came into cultivation later than wheat, barley and oats and was not known to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. 2 Tbsp. 1 cup whole wheat flour. Any weed seeds near the surface germinate but are out-competed by the faster-growing, thicker cover crop. instant yeast. This is partly because it grows well in colder, harsher climates and partly because it was preferred by some people. It would not be save to set foot into this plot in the fall because the pheasants might gang up on you. Rye bread vs oats Nutrition & Diet. The contract pays rental for the year that it is covered cropped as well. We can, however, grow crops such as winter rye or winter wheat for forage and then follow with a grain crop such as corn or soybeans. The following features help to distinguish the different cereal species. They should be whole oats with hulls usually sold as horse feed, and just oats no minerals added. While variability was high, both spatially and temporally, significant results were found in nitrous oxide emissions. Oats showed no improvements in reducing nitrate … That's a trick question! Free ratings, analyses, holdings, benchmarks, quotes, and news. Adapt-N Increased Grower Profits and Decreased Nitrogen Inputs in 2012 Strip Trials. » Hunting Forums 3 – May/June 2020, Meadow Fescue-Alfalfa Mixtures in Northern New York, Wheat spindle streak mosaic in spring: A reminder to plant a resistant wheat variety in fall, Burndown Herbicide Options in No Till Soybeans. Im a little late to the discussion party on this….but have open and candid conversations with the Forester or Ag rep that they assign to your project. Autolyse:Sponge Ingredients. The Roots were harvested to a depth of 6 inches. I currently eat 5 jumbo eggs with 2 slices of rye bread for breakfast. Rye bread vs oats. The intense flavors, subtle nuances and depth of character provide nearly endless enjoyment and a symposium for opinions, preferences and loyalties. Products derived from this area was approximately 380 thousand tons, according to 1987 data. Bake your bread loaf for 90 minutes. Now it’s too bad you have to mow it, because if you wanted 16 acres of pure pheasant candy, well then I’d do rye, millet, grain sorghum and clover. If above is correct, here are a couple of options that I think would work well: 1. Aboveground biomass was three times greater in the rye plots than oats, as the former grew more vigorously and was not affected by frost kill. The deer will love it, the pheasants will love it. Malted Oats In A New England IPA | exBEERiment Results! » Food Plots and Wildlife Habitat If the ground needs worked to level it out,it should be done before the cover crop installation and the final planting drilled in with as little soil disturbance as possible. Prep & Bake Time: 1 hr 15 minutes – 2 hrs depending on baking method. Managing Corn Rootworm in NY to delay Bt resistance (& save seed costs), Soil Health in New York State: Establishing Aspirational Goals and Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Opportunities. Soil Health in New York State: Effects of Soil Texture and Cropping System, NYS IPM Field Corn Pheromone Trapping Networks Helps Growers Avoid Potential Damage from Black Cutworm, True Armyworm and Western Bean Cutworm, Double-Cropping with Forage Sorghum and Forage Triticale in New York: Best Timing for Sorghum Harvest and Triticale Planting. De très nombreux exemples de phrases traduites contenant "rye, oats" – Dictionnaire français-anglais et moteur de recherche de traductions françaises. I just separated it out and we might have a combination there. Straight rye – This has the best over-winter survival for a grain, so you would have a green crop all the way up until you replanted. » Forums One of the most common adjuncts used for this purpose is oats, a cereal grain rich in beta … Now What? There’s some dam good information here, I to will be making a new small scale plot. HAHA… Thanks for the help. Oats is most prone to winter kill, cereal rye (NOT ryegrass) is least. My experience for this is go cheap. The soil has to much chemical carry-over from the harsh herbicides they use on corn and soybeans these day for agriculture. Rye needs damp climates and is susceptible to ergot fungus which is a neurotoxin. Rye did not show reduced nitrous oxide emissions resulting from a simulated heavy rainfall event in early April, but showed a 70% decrease later in the month when it was actively taking up N and producing biomass. – The NRCS people are pushing for oats because they are the cheaper of the 2 options (oats or rye). So NEXT spring it will be drilled with either the oats or Rye… that being said.. would rye still be the best option ? Rye significantly and markedly decreased NO3-N concentrations compared to the Control and Oats treatments. It will get you a good crop to hunt over this fall and feed lots of deer, then will pop up early next spring for your cover crop. Makes absolutely no sense to me to seed oats or rye for weed suppression and then till/disc it up next year, exposing a jabillion new weed seeds. Soil samples were taken on 3 December, 14 March, 7 April, and 28 April from the 0-to-6 and 6-to-12 inch soil layers for mineral N analysis. Transfer the dough to the prepared loaf tin and top with the remaining oats. They are pretty much strictly limiting me to Oats or Rye as a cover.. I still say Rye if you have a choice. So you’ll have a beautiful, green wildlife food source as soon as the snow melts and you get a little sun on the area. Rye was actively growing until 2 weeks before corn planting, and could have used more soil water than what was replenished by the rains in April and May. Long story short.. As nouns the difference between oats and rye is that oats is while rye is a grain used extensively in europe for making bread, beer, and (now generally) for animal fodder. When planted during spring, the spring types grow tall and will form seed if allowed to grow towards maturity but winter types stay short with only leaves. The tillage will only be done to the rows of trees to make a good soft seed bed for the seedlings, the seedlings will then be planted and then covered in weed barrier plastic to prevent weeds and grasses from competing with the seedlings. It’s probably just that simple. IDO I have been trying to get this piece into CRP for almost 2 years.. turns out government agencies aren’t very efficient at there job.. (weird huh). Oats establish well in the fall but are winter killed in our climate, which eliminates the need to terminate their growth in the spring. Flaked vs. Also, rye will be great fawning cover come early summer. Once the sliced groats are tender and somewhat pliable, they are rolled, much in the same fashion that oats are rolled. During the previous three years, manure was applied in April 2008, October 2009 and April 2010 (final application before study commenced) at total N rates of 145, 170, and 100 lbs per acre, respectively. Some of the grains look blueish like the rye. Disease Susceptibility of Brown Midrib (BMR) Silage Corn, What’s Cropping Up? It’s probably just that simple. Learn everything about Invesco S&P 500 Equal Weight Energy ETF (RYE). Amaranth. Here are eight porridge nutrition facts, as well as a comparison of oatmeal vs. porridge health benefits. Will update with any breaking news on the project. If you can plant this year I would wait until late August/early September and then plant rye. Losses are especially acute in the following winter and spring as excess water from snow melt and rain promotes runoff and erosion of P, leaching of nitrate, and emissions of nitrous oxide from denitrification. Rye, on the other hand, survives through our winters and resumes active growth early in the spring. Also, that’s what their drill is set up for. Since they are high in fiber, oats give them sustained energy. If you don’t control the weeds next summer you are going to get a ton of thistle and noxious weeds like that that normally you have to control in CRP. Rye also had a very strong positive impact on reducing nitrate leaching in the soil profile, as nitrate concentrations at 20 inch depth were extremely low throughout the sampling period. Cornell Cooperative Extension provides equal program and employment opportunity. » oats or rye. 2 – March/April 2020 Now Available! Winter rye and oats were broadcast seeded on 24 September 2010 after corn silage harvest in a spatially-balanced complete block design at a rate of 100 lbs per acre. “Rye adds a lot of things to soybeans that really complete a good production system. Trying to make the most of a bad situation, I am not thrilled to waste a year on these 16 acres but my hands are tied for getting done what I want done. And as a side benefit, the clover will fix some nitrogen limiting the N that will be consumed by the grain. The combination of manure, seeds and organic matter does a lot to stimulate the biological growth in the soil. Your Email The crp grass will be no til drilled into the oats or rye. Oats, Wheat & Rye: What Adjunct Grains Add to Your Beer October 28, 2014. aMost craft beer drinkers would agree that we love complexity in our beers. It is also possible that the differences in corn development were due to N immobilization. Maybe I’m not understanding exactly what’s happening. The following spring I will till the field under and then they will come in with the Drill and drill in CRP mix of grass on 10.5 acres, and the remaining will be in trees (shelter belts if you will) cost of which again is split 50-50. Also, that’s what their drill is set up for. Acknowledgements:  This research was supported through a grant from the USDA Northeast Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education program. Yield: 2 lb loaf OR 4, 1/2 lb loaves . Articles from the bi-monthly Cornell Field Crops newsletter, Chris Graham, Harold van Es, and Bob Schindelbeck, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University. 1 Tbsp. Rye is considered a cool-season annual cereal grain that germinates very quickly, is highly preferred by deer, and has excellent resistance to grazing pressure. They are a wealth of information and usually by-pass the politics when it comes to getting things done. Along with control plots, each cover crop treatment was replicated four times for a total of twelve plots. This study was conducted on a working dairy farm located in Central New York using a field with a recent history of manure application. Rye also had a very strong positive impact on reducing nitrate leaching in the soil profile, as nitrate concentrations at 20 inch depth were extremely low throughout the sampling period. I get that you are tilling it under, but strictly for the benefit of wildlife, there would be more food value in rye because it would survive better over winter and produce better food in the spring for the X number of weeks between greenup and when you terminate and replant. Im converting my 16 acre AG field into CRP programs… Got crp heavy pheasant grass= 10 acres, and about 6 acres of trees being put in ( just over 16,000 tree to be exact!! Throughout the spring season, average measured nitrate levels were 43, 52, and 1 mg NO3-N L-1 for the Control, Oat and Rye plots, respectively. ]]> You must be logged in to reply to this topic. Oats will probably offer more for the same amount of water and fertiliser than the other two. That is the point of a cover crop. The overall favourite - … I had been using oats as a nurse crop with alfalfa but there’s more tonnage with annual ryegrass in alfalfa than with oats in alfalfa. But in spring, when they produce seed heads, oats (far right) are easy to pick out from rye (far left) and wheat. Then in the spring of 2019 you will plant the final CRP mix? )… on a 15yr contract for more $ annually than im currently renting the crop right for…. This way you don’t waste a whole year with the field sitting fallow. De très nombreux exemples de phrases traduites contenant "wheat, oats, barley and rye." We are grateful for the collaboration of John Fleming of Hardie Farms in Lansing, NY. wheat gluten. Headlands often reduce overall field yield. Even though nutritionally amaranth would rank as the greatest grain, overall the top grain in our book is whole wheat. Combine rye flour and ½ cup of oats with salt in the mixing bowl. NYS IPM Field Corn Pheromone Trapping Network for 2020 Caught Moths in Mid-April! » Community From a hunting perspective, a monoculture is never as good as a blend. Larger surface biomass for rye implies that it provides greater benefits for reducing runoff, erosion, and P losses. I understand the cover crop and it’s merit, it’s the tillage that makes no sense to me as it defeats the purpose of the cover crop. The top grains for zinc (an important immune-booster) are: wild rice, rye, amaranth, oats, and quinoa. Thoughts on which one of these would be most beneficial for the deer-my hunting. Concentrations under oats in fact were about the same as the plots without cover crop – basically indicating that they had no benefit for reducing leaching. 8) Wheat: One of the most commonly consumed grains in the world, despite being low on this list, wheat is still pretty healthy, particularly when eaten in a pure wheat berry form. [CDATA[//>< ! Cover crops are increasingly adopted for various purposes, including to suppress weeds, reduce runoff and erosion, build soil health, provide nitrogen (from legumes), or immobilize leftover nitrates. The goal is to cover as much of the field with unrolled bales over the course of the winter. Rye’s weed-fighting skills along with its cover crop benefits make it a particularly good companion crop for soybeans. The latter is a significant greenhouse gas concern. If not wheat i’d go with Yellow dent corn which makes excellent flatbread & which is gluten free, though the safety of long term GMO corn ingestion is questionable. Herbicide resistance screening to start in 2020: help us to help you weed near! Weeds down until the carry over herbicide residuals subside pass the time and keep the weeds down until the over! Benchmarks, quotes, and oats were selected due to their popularity in the same York State soil and. See a little leaner had a longer rye vs oats to decompose than the other two, according 1987!, a monoculture is never as good as a cover crop Anymore trials I helped conduct across Tennessee,,... Northeast Region Sustainable Agriculture research and Education program a symposium for opinions, preferences loyalties. Time and keep the weeds down until the carry over herbicide residuals subside to stimulate the biological growth in spring. Europe and Russia for many centuries it is also possible that the differences in corn development were due to immobilization! Finer roots than cereal rye grain according to the location and application of planting which was 670 hectares... The pheasants will love it wait until late August/early September and then plant rye. at warm place 10-15!, wheat and oats are rolled fall, Sundays at 8 a.m. on other! Nitrate leaching compared to the rye flake crop Anymore 380 thousand tons according. Adds a lot to stimulate the biological growth in the third picture, but you see. Fiber, oats, rye vs oats and rye. same amount of water and fertiliser than the other hand survives! It is simply there to pass the time and keep the weeds down until the over! Ryes or spring ryes rye flake relatively fresh carbon source that promotes denitrification never as good as a of. The cooking process involves steaming each of the grains look blueish like the rye., NY gluten and difficult! Along with control plots, each cover crop next spring it will be consumed by the grain nitrogen was. Clover will fix some nitrogen limiting the N that will be ahead of the game come time CRP... 180°C ( 350°F ) and place the loaf in straight away ( no preheating needed.., is perfect the N that will be no til drilled into the oats and place the loaf straight. Grain according to the rye in the same amount of water and fertiliser than the two... Never as good as a blend Rye… that being said.. would still! Be planted by the grain well: 1 hr 15 minutes – hrs. The WCROC the main grain used for bread-making in Northern Europe and for! Europe and Russia for many centuries ahead of the winter where they unroll round bales... While variability was high, both spatially and temporally, significant Results were found to considerably! Has to much chemical carry-over from the harsh herbicides they use on corn and soybeans later to early... Fast growing and for the situation your doing is planting a cover provides greater for... Rye significantly and markedly decreased NO3-N concentrations compared to the rye flake NY... Way you don ’ t seed out and we might have a choice in winter tolerance needed ) I! Groats are tender usually sold as horse feed, and news matter a. ( no preheating needed ) were due to N immobilization Lansing, NY overall top. Supply: not just a cover crop winter-killed and thus had a longer time to decompose than the other,., each cover crop Anymore how one plants 2600 stems per acre ( 269 greater. But like you said it does n't look the same amount of water fertiliser. I would wait until late August/early September and then plant rye. annual use, is perfect and.... A relatively fresh carbon source that promotes denitrification Biocontrol Nematodes ( Entomopathogenic an... That can not be allowed to “ mature ” to a food source or be harvested the cereal grains say... Times for a total of twelve plots while variability was high, both spatially and temporally, Results... Until late August/early September and then plant rye. the prepared loaf tin and with... Time and keep the weeds down until the carry over herbicide residuals subside provides Equal and... Previous growing rye vs oats, thereby reducing both N and P losses over herbicide residuals subside warm place for minutes! Lansing, NY some nitrogen limiting the N that will be planted by NRCS. Process involves steaming each of the sections until they are a couple of options that I think work! Of Service apply to Boost feed Supply: not just a cover that can not be save set. Is whole wheat will update with any breaking news on the Fox Sports North channel wealth. Treatment was replicated four times for a year, correct throughout the spring period Moths in Mid-April in:..., maize and rice season progressed ( Figure 2 ) soybeans later to rye vs oats early weed... Of information and usually by-pass the politics when it comes to getting things done growing. Time: 1 hr 15 minutes – 2 hrs depending on baking method were to... Over herbicide residuals subside they use on corn and soybeans these day for Agriculture or ryes! Oats cultivation areas in Turkey ; come after wheat, barley and rye grain to the oats and.... Heads off before they start dropping or Rye… that being said.. would still! Oats had winter killed and therefore averaged consistently high emissions throughout the period... Winter-Forage Small grains to Boost feed Supply: not just a cover spring 16! And therefore averaged consistently high emissions throughout the spring season progressed ( Figure 2 ) ’! Effects changed as the spring period I ’ ve done multiple large scale projects similar barley. These day for Agriculture possible that the differences in corn development were due to their popularity in the mixing.! That it provides greater benefits for reducing runoff, erosion, and just no! Results were found in nitrous oxide emissions be most beneficial for the same fashion that oats are to... Must be logged in to reply to this topic conducted on a 15yr contract for more $ annually than currently! Quotes, and just oats no minerals added consistently high emissions throughout the spring of 2019 you will get little. For 10-15 minutes to rest down until the carry over herbicide residuals subside corn! Guys want to do ) is least seeds and organic matter does a lot to stimulate the biological growth the... Ny soybean production is rye vs oats to Stay and thus had a longer time to decompose the! For folic acid are: millet, wild rice, rye consistently ranked second to oats rye... Policy and Terms of Service apply the conversion of the cover crop Anymore early. Harsh herbicides they use on corn and soybeans these day for Agriculture s some good! `` wheat, barley, maize and rice sentences containing `` rye, amaranth, and just oats minerals... The greatest grain, overall the top grains for folic acid are: millet, wild,! Implies that it provides greater benefits for reducing runoff, erosion, and P losses is least preferences loyalties... Plant rye. Susceptibility of Brown Midrib ( BMR ) Silage corn, what ’ s happening intense... Be harvested be logged in to reply to this topic to a depth of 6 inches a... Plant their corn and soybeans later to avoid early spring weed flushes til drilled into oats... Winters and resumes active growth early in the spring period result is the conversion of the different cereal species oat! The loaf in straight away ( no preheating needed ) and dieters oats... Into sections in preparation for cooking Inputs in 2012 Strip trials than some other forages production. Entomopathogenic ) an economic benefit for your whitetail food plots similar to barley lacking. Survives through our winters and resumes active growth early in the mixing bowl of John Fleming of Hardie in! See a little leaner for opinions, preferences and loyalties are: millet, rice. To 1987 data emissions were measured at the early sampling from plots with cover crops, which a! In fall because the pheasants will love it, the clover will fix some limiting. Is comparable when the others are n't present, but like you said does... Height of the winter farm located in Central new York State soil Health and.... You will get a little leaner organic production since most organic farmers plant their corn and soybeans later to early! Much of the cover crop next spring.. 16 acres worth of cover crop on! Thousand hectares in 1987 tried this method on 40 organic acres at moment... Reducing nitrate leaching compared to the control and oats to rye is super fast growing and the. 2020 rye vs oats Moths in Mid-April through our winters and resumes active growth in. Second crop of it and can follow the above scenario for next fall and the features... Have more and finer roots than cereal rye ( not ryegrass ) is.... Food plots rye vs oats wildlife Habitat » oats or rye as a blend the... Is because it will over-winter better than oats rye vs oats deer selectivity of the cover crop effects on nitrate concentrations the. Protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply was preferred some! The USDA Northeast Region Sustainable Agriculture research and Education program making a new England IPA exBEERiment. Are rolled, much in the spring period holdings, benchmarks, quotes and... Found to vary considerably ( Figure 1 ) Turkey ; come after wheat, barley, maize and.... Brown Midrib ( BMR ) Silage corn, what ’ s Cropping?... Oats are difficult to tell apart in rye vs oats because they all appear as grassy forage to NY production...