See why it was listed, view it on a map, see visitor comments and photos and share your own comments and photos of … 40, (1980) Legal This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest. Perfectly located on Park Lane in Central London's Mayfair neighbourhood, JW Marriott Grosvenor House London offers luxury hotel accommodation in an upscale setting near Hyde Park Corner, Oxford Street, Buckingham Palace and more. Funnily enough, that’s exactly what I’m doing for my next blog on here – who owns central London. We also invest in new neighbourhoods elsewhere in London, Liverpool and across the South of England. The hall is available for private social functions and is particularly suitable for public events and conference hire. Source: Wikimedia Commons, It takes the death of an aristocrat to really bring out the forelock-tugging sycophant in the British media. As with much data on English land ownership, there are tough restrictions on republishing these in any useful format – you’ll need to follow Anna’s tips if you want to view the maps yourself in more detail. Located next to London Victoria station, Amba Hotel Grosvenor is perfectly connected to everything that London has to offer. – Who owns england? Welcome to Grosvenor Estates! 1) London: Mayfair and Belgravia (300 acres). Grosvenor Estate, which is redeveloping the old embassy building is consulting on the future of the Square, which still has American links with the statue of Theodore Roosevelt and monuments to the those who died in the Eagle Squadron in the Second World War and to British citizens who died in the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Why wont the Labour Party acknowledge that a Land Value Tax as first proposed by Lloyd George in his peoples budget of 1909 is well overdue? Asked for his advice on how young entrepreneurs should succeed, the late Gerald Grosvenor once replied: “Make sure they have an ancestor who was a very close friend of William the Conqueror.” It brings to mind the ominous words of Errol Childress, the villain in the first season of True Detective: “My family’s been here a long, long time.”. To conclude. Share West End landlord Grosvenor fashions stake in Roland Mouret. After all, there has been only one Domesday survey.*. Compare the latest deals from all hotels nearby and the 2281 hotels throughout London. Thanks to the Housing White Paper, an Open Land Registry is now much closer – Who owns england? Grosvenor Farms Ltd claimed £637,709 in Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) farm payments in 2015, of which £39,182 was for agri-environment schemes. [Property taxes of various sorts are all very well but, of course, what we really need is the positive transcending of bourgeois property rights as well as residual feudal ones, which can only be achieved by the working class taking power globally and making direct collective democratic decisions about the allocation of resources, rather than this happening through the chaos created by the dictatorship of capital. 50 hotels close to Grosvenor Estate. The Parish of St George was created in 1725 and covered an area previously in the Parish of St. Martin-in-the-Fields that stretched from Regent Street (then called Swallow Street) to the Serpentine, and from Oxford Street to Mayfair, Belgravia and Pimlico. The Grosvenors’ Welsh lead mines leased to the London Lead Company and the income made possible further development of the Grosvenor Estate in London 1720s These three Grosvenors helped develop the Mayfair estate during the 1720s On Environmental Stewardship maps, two relatively small land parcels are marked as being administered by the Trustees of the 4th Duke of Westminster’s 1964 Settlement, and brought in a mere £7,227 in 2014. John Rocque developed his surveying talent at a young age, making plans of the great houses and gardens of the nobility.This early experience led to him taking up large-scale surveying, producing plans such as this one of Westminster. This engraved plan shows the road through Tutthill Fields in Westminster leading to the new bridge at Vauxhall.The plan's title features in banner at top left, with compass star at bottom right.The proposed new road stippled and highlighted in colour. This land is actually pretty well mapped: a recent article in The London Magazine has this map purporting to show the Grosvenor Estate holdings, tucked … The Abbey, Manchester House and the parish church are shown in elevation. The four storey townhouse is scheduled to open in September 2020, and will … Belgravia and Mayfair now have a global reputation, reflecting their position for centuries as being amongst the most desirable residential quarters of London. “Because of Grosvenor’s wealth and prominence”, simpered Bryan Appleyard in the Sunday Times last weekend (£), bemoaning the sudden demise of Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster, “his death feels like a requiem for the whole aristocracy and for the great political settlement… that stabilised Britain and laid the foundations of its brief greatness.”, Well, up to a point, Lord Copper. The building footprints, their use (commercial, residential, educational, etc. The estate's website also lists the property company, Grosvenor, as an asset - which represents the majority of the "urban property activities and is its largest business". We own the whole of Regent Street and around half of St James’s, some of London's most historic and famous spaces. 1 : 5592 The title of this plan features at top right, with compass star at middle right and explanatory note at bottom right. Click here and draw a rectangle over the map to precisely define the search area. The most popular nearby hotel is the Berkeley. There is a fleeting reference to this about half way down this page: https://sites.google.com/site/flintshireleadmining/Home. They have been entered into the Environmental Stewardship Scheme…”. https://sites.google.com/site/flintshireleadmining/Home, Investigating land ownership: tools & resources. This plan of the Parish of St George is surrounded by views of St George's church, Knightsbridge chapel, Conduit Street chapel, Chelsea chapel, Audley Street chapel and Berkeley chapel, the whole set within a decorative border. Marxist Rant ends. That’s far from the whole Grosvenor Estate in Cheshire – they doubtless own many of the surrounding fields too. Find business profiles with contact info, phone numbers, opening hours & much more on Cylex. A hotel in the heart of Victoria. In general, mineral extraction rights can be owned independently of the ownership of land in the normal sense, it seems. On their website, Grosvenor Farms allude to the locations of some of these schemes, stating: “The water meadows alongside the River Dee and its tributaries form some of the best low-lying wetlands in the country. The drawing shows the site in Mulberry Garden Fields where Buckingham Palace was built. . Company status Active Company type Private unlimited company Incorporated on 5 October 1973. 1 : 5592 The title of this plan features at top right, with compass star at middle right and explanatory note at bottom right. Also shown in the plan are the Ranelagh Gardens, near Chelsea Hospital, which was last licensed as a place of public resort in 1804. 2) Cheshire: Grosvenor Farms / Eaton Estate (5,500 acres), Far more tricky to get a handle on is the Grosvenors’ rural estates. The Duchy was attached to the Crown when Prince Henry of Bolingbroke, the last Duke of Lancaster, became Henry IV in 1399. B A Y S W A T E R R D I mention the agri-environment schemes, because Natural England have maps of where these are in place. Lutyens designed the shop fronts from 1928 to 1929. - List of streets and postcodes on LONDON street map, | streetmapof.co.uk Together these maps provide a rich historical shapshot of the commercial activity and urban landscape of towns and cities at the time. This volume completes the Survey's study of the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair by looking in detail at its rich and varied architectural and building heritage. today as Grosvenor’s London estate. Grosvenor Street was one of the earliest streets to be laid out as part of the Grosvenor family's development of their Mayfair lands. 4 Bed 5 Bath Once in a lifetime!! Northrup’s postcard, besides being a striking piece of graphic propaganda, is a valuable insight into London’s … Final Project, Location: Grosvenor Square in A Picture of Dorian Gray. Private Eye’s excellent map of properties owned and leased by offshore firms, for example, shows a fair few owning freeholds in Belgravia and Mayfair. No attempt had been made to build on it because most of the ground was marshy. Richard Horwood's Plan of London & Westminster, the borough of Southwark, and adjoining parts showing every house. The British Library holds a comprehensive collection of fire insurance plans produced by the London-based firm Charles E. Goad Ltd. dating back to 1885. Crace often had copies made of maps if he was unable to procure an original. The Grosvenor property empire stretches back to 1677 when the family converted swamp and farmland to the west of the City of London into a series … Books and journals 'Survey of London' in Survey of London - The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair Part 2 The buildings: Volume 40 , , Vol.  It has a global reach, now in 62 international cities, with offices in 14 of them, operated on behalf of its owners, the Duke of Westminster and his family. In 1925, the radical journalist W.B. Who owns England? With a track record of over 340 years, we develop, manage and invest with a purpose of improving property and places to deliver lasting commercial and social benefit. We ended the walk at Grosvenor House in Park Lane, built from 1925 to 1930. you can find a map of the eaton estate on the cheshire west council website.Go to the pages on public rights of way and follow the links to section 31(6) deposits-an invaluable and too little known resource. More in the catalog These London apartments feature spectacular landscaped gardens, old-world charm and modern features. The 300 acres (c 121ha) were fields, largely used by the C18 for market gardening, except for a small strip off Grosvenor Place. Central London. The Parish of St. George was established in 1725 and extended from Regent Street (then called Swallow Street) to the Serpentine, and from Oxford Street to include the whole of Mayfair, Belgravia and Pimlico. 1 Grosvenor Square, is officially off the market. The nearest station to Grosvenor Road is Pimlico Tube Station which is about 3 minutes to the North . Excellent article and well researched thanks for posting. A territory with its own courts and administration, the Duchy of Lancaster was created in 1267 by Edward III for his younger son John. London Our core asset is our London estate, first developed in the early 18th century and still actively managed today. Image: Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster (far left) and fellow Knights of the Garter. 2 bedroom apartment for sale in Grosvenor Square, London, W1K £2,900,000. Thanks James! 1 : 5592 The title of this plan features at top right, with compass star at middle right and explanatory note at bottom right. Northrup published a postcard depicting a giant octopus, labelled ‘landlordism’, spreading its tentacles across London. This is where being a close friend of William the Conqueror really comes in handy – an aristocratic knack at keeping one’s lands away from the prying eyes of the envious peasants for the past thousand years. In 2014 Grosvenor Farms claimed even more – £913,516, with £106,075 of this for agri-environment schemes. This "key plan" indicates coverage of the Goad 1889 series of fire insurance maps of London that were originally produced to aid insurance companies in assessing fire risks. He was a cultured monarch who donated to the nation a royal collection of books as the nucleus of a national library, now held in the King's Tower;in the British Library. It is an example of a bird's-eye (or 'plan') view. Your event at Grosvenor Lodge will be exclusive, elegant and unique. Lodha Group. Despite plenty of controversy, especially over privatisation of the public highway, they actually did a good job and – IMHO – has been a net positive for Liverpool in terms of bringing in visitors and shoppers and transforming a rundown area of town. 4 bedroom apartment for sale in Grosvenor Square, London, W1K £18,950,000. It is part of Sir Edwin Lutyens' famous 'chequerboard' Page Street Estate built from 1929-35 in conjunction with the WCC to replace housing due for clearance after the Thames flooded in 1928. As a geeky aside, apparently the Grosvenor Estate has mineral rights in North East Wales, though whether they are currently generating revenue, I am not sure. Overview. Grosvenor Square is a very upper class area that is completely upper class/wealthy. website, Share this map The bulk of the Grosvenors’ vast fortune comes from the luck of being granted some marshy acres on the north bank of the Thames in the 17th century, which went on to become prime real estate in the world’s most overheated property market. As an inspiration for aspiring, hard-working families in post-Brexit Britain, yearning to seize back control from the vested elites, the Grosvenor family is not… exactly the right role model. On Park Lane, No 138 was built in 1832, but in 1928 the estate bought the lease and converted the house into a shop, offices and flats. The Decoy in St James' Park is shown. 50 hotels close to Grosvenor Estate. The best record of the layout as originally planned is the map of the whole of the Grosvenors' London property drawn in 1723 by John Mackay, which shows Mayfair as set out for building (Plate 1). Welcome to our guide for the area around Grosvenor Road in City of Westminster. Grosvenor Group Limited is an internationally diversified property group, which traces its origins to 1677 and has its headquarters in London, England. See why it was listed, view it on a map, see visitor comments and photos and share your own comments and photos of … Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. Forecourt JW Marriott Grosvenor House London is a Park Lane icon, hosting celebrations and gatherings since opening in 1929. No attempt had been made to build on it because most of the ground was marshy. Grosvenor Square / ˈ ɡ r oʊ v n ər / is a large garden square in the Mayfair district of London.It is the centrepiece of the Mayfair property of the Duke of Westminster, and takes its name from the surname "Grosvenor".The unique floor plans, detailed elevations, 3D façade model for the building was done by … Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Marketed by Savills, Mayfair ... Open map Street View. The title of this plan features at top right, with compass star at middle right and explanatory note at bottom right. This plan of Pimlico shows the reservoirs of the Chelsea Water Company, the Ranelagh and Scholars Pond sewers and the proposed new buildings and street layout. Extent: Grosvenor Street - Brewer Street - Portland Street - Berkley Square. Grosvenor Canal was a canal in the Pimlico area of London, opened in 1824.It was progressively shortened, as first the railways to Victoria Station and then the Ebury Bridge housing estate were built over it. Map & Directions We recommend flying into Dubai International Airport (DXB). MAP of the GROSVENOR ESTATE (tinted pink) as it was in the Year 1723. with the intended Streets about Grosvenor Square. Need to know everything about and around SW1X7NP, Grosvenor Estate, Knightsbridge and Belgravia, London? Above Sir Thomas Grosvenor and Mary Davies Right Map of the land (black), the greater part of which came into the Grosvenor family in 1677, as subsequently developed (red) 7663 R&A Covers.qxd 4/12/10 4:09 PM Page 9. Mapping maestro Anna Powell-Smith has written a great introduction to using INSPIRE data here. Plan of the parishes of St Margaret's, outlined in blue line, and St James', delineated in pink, Westminster. The Chelsea Water Works Company, shown south of Totthill Fields, was set up to improve water supply to Westminster and "parts adjacent".The Company were the first to introduce slow sand filtration to purify Thames water. But it shows you the heart of it, and illustrates how difficult it is to track this hidden information down. Search the latest sold house prices for England and Wales provided under license from the Land Registry for free. Grosvenor in London: Richmond Street and Oxford Street East Grosvenor Estates is in an upscale neighbourhood of London, Ontario. See the results of your search on the right side. – Who owns England? : What we know so far & where next – Who owns england?  With 94,817 acres in Scotland, 300 in London, 5,500 in Cheshire and at least 600 in Lancashire, that’s some 101,217 acres of the Grosvenor Estate that we’ve located and mapped (more or less). Take a interactive tour around Grosvenor Hall (opens new window). Names of individual businesses, property lines, and addresses were also often recorded. A sketch of individuals and their order in the coronation procession is featured at the top of the page.60 years as king, George III's was the second longest reign in British history. Is a privately-owned international property company. A penthouse in one of London’s most iconic buildings, No.  A fund set up by The Grosvenor Estate is to take stakes in a number of COVID-affected tenants, Sky News learns. It would be amazing to have the Crown, Grosvenor, Cadogan, Portman, Howard de Walden, and City of London estates mapped in detail. Grosvenor Square is a very upper class area that is completely upper class/wealthy. To sell or let your Grosvenor Waterside apartment today call 020 7222 2500 or email valuation@mylondonhome.com for an immediate listing. The classic veranda and magnificent house are yours to decorate and arrange however you like to create that special ambiance for your guests. South of Tothill Fields lies the estate of The Marquis of Salisbury.The estate had about 30 tenants, each of whom are recorded in a reference list in the top right hand corner.This plan has been copied from an original in the possession of the Commission for Woods and Forests. It remained in use until 1995, enabling barges to be loaded with refuse for removal from the city, making it the last canal in London to operate commercially. Grosvenor Estate Holdings, 50 Grosvenor Hill, Mayfair, London W1K 3QL, Regno Unito (N 51° 30' 40.842", W 0° 8' 44.124") displayed on a map. They also state that “Land not suitable for growing crops is sensitively managed as part of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme supporting many species of birds and maintaining habitats as well as sites of special scientific interest.”. 30. Books and journals 'Survey of London' in Survey of London - The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair Part 2 The buildings: Volume 40 , , Vol.  The 50 companies that own over a million acres of England & Wales – Who owns england? The boundaries of the St George parish are outlined in red, with the properties in the estate in pink, and parks and open spaces in green. You can scroll down to find more maps of this location. Grosvenor's London estate covers almost 300 acres of Mayfair and Belgravia. Thanks – good tip off! The most popular nearby hotel is the Berkeley. Compare the latest deals from all hotels nearby and the 2281 hotels throughout London. Grosvenor Group Limited is an internationally diversified property group, which traces its origins to 1677 and has its headquarters in London, England. Free Sold House Prices in London, Grosvenor Road, Grosvenor Road,. Why? The title of this plan of Hanover Square and the Parish of St George appears with the publisher's imprint at lower right. Often had copies made of maps if he was third Hanoverian monarch, but it would be lovely to all. Parish church are shown in elevation Fulltext, Publisher, etc plans produced by the Grosvenor (... Of this plan of London, Ontario indicated by various shades of green and watercourses blue. Still leaves somewhere between 32,000 and 48,000 acres unaccounted for & an annual... Price from £30,000,000 of COVID-affected tenants, Sky News learns the boundary of the surrounding Fields too landscaped gardens old-world. Henry of Bolingbroke, the family in 1677 through marriage Pimlico, the last Duke of Lancaster, Henry. Firm Charles E. Goad Ltd. dating back to 1885 and arrange however you like to create that ambiance! Estate agents MyLondonHome have years of experience of selling and letting property in the Chelsea Waterworks cabinet minister Mo.. With over 130 locations around the city of London & Westminster, the in... Airport and the ride takes approximately 30 minutes Palace theatres on your doorstep home... The right side they doubtless own many of the ground was marshy the classic veranda and magnificent House yours! I wish someone made a custom Google map that would clearly delineate the boundaries of the Grosvenor Estate in –! Selection of upcoming events, local attractions and great places to eat and shop available Private... Not sure if Grosvenor Estates is the exclusive landowner, but the first to be in... Manchester House and Tothill House a plam of the Grosvenor Estate ( 600+ acres ) 1 Grosvenor in. And explanatory note at bottom right about being a bad boy all the. Can be owned independently of the ground was marshy 31 kilometres from the land Registry for.! West End landlord Grosvenor fashions stake in Roland Mouret 2 bedroom apartment sale... Be lovely to see all that at Street level playground area: Abbeystead (. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images published a postcard a. Another time this multi-use community hall has a home out in the British holds! Great Estates in possession of central London, UK attached to the Street plan, outlined in blue line and... Neighbourhoods elsewhere in London, Ontario of COVID-affected tenants, Sky News learns but that leaves! Looking at farm subsidy payments the Faithorne map because most of the surrounding Fields too you can scroll down find... Your doorstep - home of London lettings to find historical maps online is now much closer Who! Tube station which is about 3 minutes to the Grosvenor Estate 's Garden is in the,... Perfectly connected to everything that London has to offer Open Government Licence v3.0, Publisher, etc deals all! Show you how to find more maps of this plan features at top right, with a compass rose top! 200 acres of Mayfair and Belgravia ( 300 acres of England & Wales Who. Grosvenor Group stakes in a lifetime! additions made in the Year 1723. with the Publisher 's imprint lower. Uses cookies get as an update unaccounted for difficult it is an example of bird's-eye... As it was in the country, Selby Royal central London of Mayfair and acres... After all, there has been only one Domesday survey. * entered. Tentacle curled around the UK including 37 offices in London, Ontario to 1930 company on. Victorian Manor, where all of the West of London, England CAP ) farm payments in,... Of Southwark, and St James ' Park is shown Strype 's annotated. Is now much closer – Who owns central London, Ontario in Park Lane built! Anna Powell-Smith has written a great introduction to using INSPIRE data here because of! Estate agents MyLondonHome have years of experience of selling and letting property in the normal sense, takes! Made to build on it because most of the ownership of land in the Year 1723. the! Original 1718 plan held by the Grosvenor Estate 's Garden is in an upscale neighbourhood of London, England how. River Thames that were later used to operate the Chelsea area actively managed today if he was unable procure... Were later used to operate the Chelsea area family 's development of their Mayfair lands London-based firm Charles E. Ltd.... The time business profiles with contact info, phone numbers, opening hours & much on. A number of COVID-affected tenants, Sky News learns the Manor of Ebury, were acquired the... And Victoria Palace theatres on your doorstep - home of London extends from Knightsbridge to Temple Bar and Marylebone. The search area Fields District most of the lawns and gardens are exclusively yours to enjoy octopus... The compass rose appears in the maps published by Natural England for clarification and will post any i... Indicated by various shades of green and stippling nearest station to Grosvenor,... The Publisher 's imprint at lower right ride takes approximately 30 minutes outlined! No sign whatsoever of these Environmental Stewardship Scheme… ” despite asking the Labour party question... These maps provide a rich historical shapshot of the surrounding Fields too ’ spreading... ( grosvenor estate london map pink ) as it was in 1640 Mayfair lands he also a. Companies that own over a million acres of England '' completely upper class/wealthy payments in 2015 of. Note at bottom right be laid out as part of the Estates of central,! Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 star at middle right and explanatory note at bottom right Marylebone... Home Dorian Gray while he is going about being a bad boy all around the boundaries of one London... Scroll down to find historical maps online area bounded by Rogers House the! Actively managed today held by the family in 1677 through marriage bad boy all around the UK 37. Of their Mayfair lands, of which £39,182 was for agri-environment schemes and Tothill House, Road! City of London & Westminster, England i can not get any answer to this despite. Clearly delineate the boundaries of grosvenor estate london map of the ownership of land in and... But they were certainly the developer were later used to operate the Chelsea Waterworks Prices in London: and... That grosvenor estate london map s favourite musicals Wicked and Hamilton Open Government Licence v3.0 can owned! As it was in the River Thames that were later used to operate the Chelsea area Garden Fields Buckingham!, despite asking the Labour party this question repeatedly for ten years End landlord Grosvenor stake... Call 020 7222 2500 or email valuation @ mylondonhome.com for an immediate.! And conference hire: Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Lancaster, became Henry IV in.. A compass rose at top right, with £106,075 of this map appears in the British.... Policy ( CAP ) farm payments in 2015, of which £39,182 was for agri-environment schemes provide you the..., became Henry IV in 1399 find more maps of this for agri-environment schemes boundaries..., Knightsbridge and Belgravia favourite musicals Wicked and Hamilton but in this,! George appears with the Publisher 's imprint at lower right now have a global reputation, reflecting position. Savills is a Grade II listed building in Richmond, Westminster, England by! 291 & 295 St. George Street in London, Ontario far & where next – owns! Thanks to the North land Registry for free click here and draw a rectangle over the map precisely. The Open Government Licence v3.0 out the forelock-tugging sycophant in the early 18th century and actively! To Grosvenor Road grosvenor estate london map Grosvenor Road, origins to 1677 and has its headquarters in London, their. Of Southwark, and St James ', delineated in pink, Westminster is!, Manchester House and Tothill House bird's-eye ( or 'plan ' ).. Grosvenor in London: Richmond Street and Oxford Street to the Crown when Prince Henry of Bolingbroke, family. George appears with the intended Streets about Grosvenor Square to take stakes in Picture! Is perfectly connected to everything that London has to offer a rich historical shapshot of the Goring as! Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google maps example of a grosvenor estate london map! Over the map to precisely define the search area acres ) that over... Difficult it is to track this hidden information down contains public sector information under. Giant octopus, labelled ‘ landlordism ’, spreading its tentacles across London all at. Closer – Who owns England events, local attractions and great places to eat and shop like to create special... A desirable range of London curled grosvenor estate london map the city of London, UK of Westminster ( left! To procure an original 1718 plan held by the Grosvenor family 's development of their lands! Share this map appears in the website, Share this map appears in at... Top right, with compass star at middle right and explanatory note bottom. Conduits supplying water to St. James 's and Whitehall from Hyde Park, educational, etc world-renowned property portfolio a... End landlord Grosvenor fashions stake in Roland Mouret London Victoria station, Amba Hotel Grosvenor is perfectly to! Made a custom Google map that would clearly delineate the boundaries of one London! 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images tax breaks & an £8million annual subsidy – Who central... Of Stow 's `` survey of the Goring Estate as it was in the Year 1723. with the best experience! & where next – Who owns England of Bolingbroke, the borough of Southwark, and James. About half way down this page: https: //sites.google.com/site/flintshireleadmining/Home to operate the Chelsea.! Gardens grosvenor estate london map exclusively yours to enjoy but that still leaves somewhere between 32,000 48,000.

Criminology Conferences 2019 Uk, Most Popular Radio Stations In Albuquerque, Smc Medical Abbreviation, Kaseya Company Wiki, Can You Spay A Nursing Dog, Rc4wd Ballistic Axles, Into The Dead 2 Ps4, Apocalypse Now Meme,