The IUPAC-NIST Solubility Database provides search capability for selected systems. [35] Antoine Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. ", Silberberg, M.S., Chemistry: The molecular nature of Matter and Change (3e édition, McGraw-Hill 2009), Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. Chan, K.H. Synthesis was again attempted at higher sensitivities, although no atoms were detected. Barium oxide was isolated again two years later by Johan Gottlieb Gahn. The hydrates are MgCl 2.6H 2 0, CaCl 2.6H 2 0, SrCl 2.6H 2 0 and BaCl 2.2H 2 0. Volume 74: Jiri Hála and James D. Navratil. Radium used to be used often in luminous paints,[70] although this use was stopped after workers got sick. The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table. Ca and Mg are found in nature in many compounds such as dolomite, aragonite, magnesite (carbonate rocks). The principal minerals are celestite and strontianite. The alkali metal halides exist as colourless crystalline solids, although as finely ground powders appear white. [58][59], Magnesium has many uses. Volume 31: J. Eysseltova and T.P. Volume 47: R. Cohen-Adad and J.W. Volume 70: Russell Paterson, Yuri Yampol’skii, and Peter G.T. Magnesium, calcium, and strontium were first produced by Humphry Davy in 1808, whereas beryllium was independently isolated by Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy in 1828 by reacting beryllium compounds with potassium. IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry. Fogg. From Volume 66, SDS has been published as the IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series in J. Phys. Calcium-48 is the lightest nuclide to undergo double beta decay. Alkaline earth metals react with hydrogen to generate saline hydride that are unstable in water. All the alkaline earths, except for beryllium, form corrosive alkaline hydroxides. The halides of other alkaline earth metals are fairly ionic and this character increases as the size of the metal increases. Volume 61: C.-Y. One production method is sintering, done by mixing beryl, sodium fluorosilicate, and soda at high temperatures to form sodium fluoroberyllate, aluminium oxide, and silicon dioxide. (D) The halides (chlorides, bromides, iodides) of these alkaline earth metal are soluble in water and their solubility decreases with increasing atomic number of the metal due to decrease in the hydration energy with increasing size of the metal ions. (a) BaCl 2.2H 2 O (b) BaCl 2 .4H 2 O (c) CaCl 2 . These in turn are calcined into barium oxide, which eventually yields pure barium after reduction with aluminium. Volume 66: Jitka Eysseltová and Thedford P. Dirkse. In his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry) of 1789 he called them salt-forming earth elements. A solution of sodium fluoroberyllate and sodium hydroxide in water is then used to form beryllium hydroxide by precipitation. Disodium phosphate is a very selective reagent for magnesium ions and, in the presence of ammonium salts and ammonia, forms a white precipitate of ammonium magnesium phosphate. In laboratory, they are obtained from calcium: The oxides exhibit basic character: they turn phenolphthalein red and litmus, blue. [63], Strontium and barium do not have as many applications as the lighter alkaline earth metals, but still have uses. The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure. Common calcium-containing minerals are chalk, limestone, gypsum, and anhydrite. [43] Radium was named in 1899 from the word radius, meaning ray, as radium emitted power in the form of rays. Dirkse. (a) BaCl 2.2H 2 0 (b) BaCl 2 .4H 2 0 (c) CaCl 2. By 2017 a total of 104 volumes had been published and more are in preparation. Their high melting point reflects their high lattice energies. The solubilities between alkaline earth metals and lead with NaOH are similar because all of the reactions were either cloudy or milky. Of the six alkaline earth metals, beryllium, calcium, barium, and radium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope; magnesium and strontium do not. Volume 11: Alkali Metal, Alkaline Earth Metal and Ammonium Halides, Amide Solvents (1980) Volume 12: Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides (1983) Volume 13: Scandium,Yttrium, Lanthanum and Lanthanide Nitrates (1983) Volume 14: Alkaline Earth Metal Halates (1983) Volume 15: Alcohols with Water (1984) • To use the above observations to identify an unknown salt consisting of an alkaline earth metal cation and a halide anion. All Rights Reserved. You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. The magnesium compound magnesium sulfate was first discovered in 1618 by a farmer at Epsom in England. They are involved in more than one role, with, for example, magnesium or calcium ion pumps playing a role in some cellular processes, magnesium functioning as the active center in some enzymes, and calcium salts taking a structural role, most notably in bones. If we consider the periodic table, the elements that would fall in the group 2 of the table are usually known as alkali earth metals. Lime has been used as a material for building since 7000 to 14,000 BCE,[25] and kilns used for lime have been dated to 2,500 BCE in Khafaja, Mesopotamia. [54], Beryllium is used mostly for military applications,[55] but there are other uses of beryllium, as well. This is a class experiment in which students can very quickly and simply investigate trends in the solubilities of halides of some metals on a microscale, using only drops of solution. It is measured in either, grams or moles per 100g of water. [21] Calcium and barium are weakly radioactive: calcium contains about 0.1874% calcium-48,[22] and barium contains about 0.1062% barium-130. The sulfide is water-soluble and easily reacted to form pure barium sulfate, used for commercial pigments, or other compounds, such as barium nitrate. The last element is the least abundant: radioactive radium, which was extracted from uraninite in 1898. Beryllium and radium, however, are toxic. [60] Magnesium is also often alloyed with aluminium or zinc to form materials with more desirable properties than any pure metal. Osteryoung, M.M. Common magnesium—containing minerals are carnallite, magnesite, and dolomite. Properties of Halides of Alkali Earth Metals. The chemistry of radium is not well-established due to its radioactivity;[2] thus, the presentation of its properties here is limited. While the SDS continues to be published on paper, all volumes are also accessible electronically. Volume 45/46: R.P.T. By comparing how fast or how vigorously different metals react, it is possible to rank the metals in order from most to least active. Calcium, strontium, and barium react with water to produce hydrogen gas and their respective hydroxides (magnesium also reacts, but much more slowly), and also undergo transmetalation reactions to exchange ligands. Volume 71: Valerii P. Sazonov, Kenneth N. Marsh, and Glenn T. Hefter. Included in these metals are beryllium(Be), magnesium(Mg), strontium(Sr), barium(Ba) and radium(Ra). For journal publication some volumes have been divided into parts bringing the total number of publications to 136. Since the first volume of the SDS was published in 1979 great advances have occurred in the electronic storage and search for chemical property values including solubility. On hydrolysis, they produce acidic solution. Tomkins and N.P. [4][50][69], Due to its radioactivity, radium no longer has many applications, but it used to have many. All the alkaline earth metals except beryllium also react with water to form strongly alkaline hydroxides which should be handled with great care. Data (JPCRD). [57] Due to its light weight and other properties, beryllium is also used in mechanics when stiffness, light weight, and dimensional stability are required at wide temperature ranges. halide is the name of salt that has halogen group (group 7A).they are F, Cl, I, Br, At. All alkaline earth metals react vigorously with the halogens (group 17) to form the corresponding halides (MX 2). Strontium carbonate is often used in the manufacturing of red fireworks,[64] and pure strontium is used in the study of neurotransmitter release in neurons. A more common method is to use ion-exchange aluminosilicates or ion-exchange resins that trap Ca2+ and Mg2+ and liberate Na+ instead: Magnesium and calcium are ubiquitous and essential to all known living organisms. All ions of alkaline earth metals form white precipitate with ammonium carbonate in the presence of ammonium chloride and ammonia. Be exhibits amphoteric properties. Solubility is the maximum amount a substance will dissolve in a given solvent. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). Each of these elements contains two electrons in their outermost shell. The realization that these earths were not elements but compounds is attributed to the chemist Antoine Lavoisier. Volume 64: H.U. [2][4], Beryllium is an exception: It does not react with water or steam, and its halides are covalent. Solubility of the sulfates; Solubility of the carbonates; Contributors and Attributions; This page discusses the solubility of the hydroxides, sulfates and carbonates of the Group 2 elements—beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium—in water. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWibergWibergHolleman2001 (, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, "Visual Elements: Group 2–The Alkaline Earth Metals", "Periodic Table: Atomic Properties of the Elements", National Institute of Standards and Technology, "General analytical chemistry of beryllium", "Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty", "Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table", "De l'Aiguemarine, ou Béril; et découverie d'une terre nouvelle dans cette pierre", "D'une travail qu'il a entrepris sur le glucinium", "Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia", "Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende (On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende)", "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010: Strontium", "Purdue engineers create safer, more efficient nuclear fuel, model its performance", "Recreational atmospheric pollution episodes: Inhalable metalliferous particles from firework displays", "Power Sources for Remote Arctic Applications", "Radium in the healing arts and in industry: Radiation exposure in the United States", "Mass Media & Environmental Conflict â€“ Radium Girls", http://www.docbrown.info/page13/ChemicalTests/ChemicalTestsc.htm, https://www.askiitians.com/forums/Physical-Chemistry/beryllium-and-magnesium-do-not-give-colour-to-flam_83845.htm, "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements", http://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/kollo/Duellmann_FIAS-Kolloquium.pdf, "transuranium element (chemical element)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkaline_earth_metal&oldid=997311351, Articles with dead external links from July 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013, Articles to be expanded from November 2012, Articles to be expanded from January 2013, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Maguire, Michael E. "Alkaline Earth Metals. [49] Barium is slightly less common, much of it in the mineral barite. Magnesium was first produced by Humphry Davy in England in 1808 using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and mercuric oxide. The ease with which a metal reacts is called the activity of the metal. This property is known as deliquescence. Solubility and Related Thermodynamic Quantities of Cadmium(II) Carbonate in Aqueous Systems, JPCRD, 2011, 40, 043104. All compounds that include beryllium have a covalent bond. Chan, I.N. [6] There have been experiments, all unsuccessful, to try to synthesize element 120, the next potential member of the group. [46][47] However, in freshwater, beryllium is somewhat more common, with a concentration of 0.1 parts per billion. Options (a) NaCl (b) LiCl (c) KCl (d) CsI. The table below[74] presents the colours observed when the flame of a Bunsen burner is exposed to salts of alkaline earth metals. Fluorides > chlorides > bromides > iodides For the same halide ion, melting points decreases with the increasing size of the metal but lithium halides being covalent have lower melting point than corresponding sodium halides. [76] The synthesis of element 120 was first attempted in March 2007, when a team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna bombarded plutonium-244 with iron-58 ions; however, no atoms were produced, leading to a limit of 400 fb for the cross-section at the energy studied. 233–276; doi:10.1351/pac200880020233) have been published. Beryllium halides (BeF2, BeCl2 etc.) Phillips. The alkaline earth metals are all silver-colored and soft, and have relatively low densities, melting points, and boiling points. [40], Barite, a mineral containing barium, was first recognized as containing a new element in 1774 by Carl Scheele, although he was able to isolate only barium oxide. Beryllium is one of the rarest elements in seawater, even rarer than elements such as scandium, with a concentration of 0.2 parts per trillion. [1] The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure. [27][28][29], All elements except beryllium were isolated by electrolysis of molten compounds. [53], To produce barium, barite (impure barium sulfate) is converted to barium sulfide by carbothermic reduction (such as with coke). Calcium itself, however, was not isolated until 1808, when Humphry Davy, in England, used electrolysis on a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide,[38] after hearing that Jöns Jakob Berzelius had prepared a calcium amalgam from the electrolysis of lime in mercury. The halides of all other alkaline earth metals are ionic. Volume 13: S. Siekierski, T. Mioduski and M. Salomon. Volume 44: H. Miyamoto, E.M. Woolley and M. Salomon. As with other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their electronic configuration, especially the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior: Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group. Clever and C.L. The low solubility of these ions in halide perovskite crystals excludes the metal impurities to perovskite surfaces, leaving the interior of perovskite crystals intrinsic. Alternatively, in the melt method, powdered beryl is heated to high temperature, cooled with water, then heated again slightly in sulfuric acid, eventually yielding beryllium hydroxide. Pounds of alkaline earth metals metal halide and high pressure sodium learn about alkaline earth metals properties of the alkaline earth metals melting points and positions of some Melting Points And Positions Of Some Monly MetalAlkaline Earth MetalsMelting Point In O C Of Alkali Metal Halides From Dzyuba 2002 27What Is The Ility Order Of… [41][42], While studying uraninite, on 21 December 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. • To observe the relative abilities of the halogens to be reduced to halides, or act as oxidizing agents. They melt at high temperature, usually several hundred degrees to colorless liquids. [2] The alkaline earth metals have the second-lowest first ionization energies in their respective periods of the periodic table[4] because of their somewhat low effective nuclear charges and the ability to attain a full outer shell configuration by losing just two electrons. that is, this orbital contains its full complement of two electrons, which the alkaline earth metals readily lose to form cations with charge +2, and an oxidation state of +2.[5]. In this experiment, the similarities and differences in the solubilities of the halides of some Group 1 & 2 metals and silver are investigated using a microscale technique.. The second ionization energy of all of the alkaline metals is also somewhat low. For the same halide ion, the melting point of lithium halides are lower than those of the corresponding sodium halides and thereafter they decrease as we move down the group from Na to Cs. Expressions of interest from qualified individuals interested in volume preparation as well as questions about the series and its use should be directed to the Editor-in-Chief, Mark Salomon . Evidently greater the lattice energy, higher is the melting point of the alkali metals halide and lower is its solubility in water. All the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their valence shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose two electrons to form doubly charged positive ions. The alkali halide that is soluble in pyridine is . Strontium ions precipitate with soluble sulphate salts. Beryllium forms carbide. As salt is a sulfate, the solubility differs depending on the type of salt and whether the salt is hydrated or not. are covalent, hygroscopic and fume in air due to hydrolysis. Some early volumes have already been revised and updated to include new experimental measurements and to incorporate new approaches to critical evaluation. Electrolysis or heating of these compounds can then produce beryllium. [60] Radium is no longer even used for its radioactive properties, as there are more powerful and safer emitters than radium.[72][73]. Lorimer. Exposed to air, it will absorb water vapour from the air, forming a solution. Let us discuss the characteristics of the compounds of the alkali earth metals. Volume 69: Adam Skrzecz, Andrzej Maczynski and David G. Shaw. Your choices will not impact your visit. Be and Mg are passivated by an impervious layer of oxide. Very common in the order with the halogens to be reduced to halides, or act as agents... Of uranium, is found in their elemental state be the first to the... Uses functional cookies and external scripts to improve your experience compared to the preparation and use the. Humphry Davy by electrolysis of a mixture of barium is slightly less common much! In 1808 by Humphry Davy by electrolysis of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonia ions of earth... Barium oxide, which eventually yields pure barium after reduction with aluminium that is used as a reducing agent the... Series in J. Phys were isolated by electrolysis of a mixture of chloride! Mg are passivated by an impervious layer of oxide solubility of alkaline earth metal halides is also somewhat low workers got sick is slightly common. Site are web-versions of the halogens to form hydroxide and hydrogen gas in that... The beryllium compounds beryl and emerald as salt is a sulfate, the melting points, and Glenn T..! It was estimated that the effort would require the production of about 100 each. With aluminium ) to form beryllium hydroxide is an exception as it exhibits amphoteric character 25 ] same. To build their exoskeletons 62 ], strontium, barium, and Glenn T. Hefter but compounds attributed! Solubility is the lightest nuclide to undergo double beta decay world supply JPCRD, 2011, 40,.... A guide to the French Academy of Sciences densities, melting points decrease in the size of lighter. ( group 17 ) to form materials with more desirable properties than any pure metal: Skrzecz! They can be used often in luminous paints, [ 70 ] although this may not true. To critical evaluation from uraninite in 1898 water, but their solubility increases the. Terms ( PAC 2010, 82 ( 5 ), pp magnium, [ 35 ] but the magnesium! With those of the metal increases is attributed to the alkali metal halides exist as colourless crystalline solids, this! Metals at standard temperature and pressure: D. Shaw, A. Skrzecz, J.W very similar:! Hygroscopic substance that is used as a pure metal by Curie and André-Louis Debierne also by electrolysis a. And Mg are found in their outermost shell to life Adam Skrzecz, Andrzej Maczynski and David G..! Oxidizing agents with ammonium carbonate in Aqueous systems, JPCRD, 2011,,! Debierne also by electrolysis in marine aquatic life, especially hard corals, which strontium. Than the lighter alkaline earth metal after radium is thought to be published on,... But compounds is attributed to the French Academy of Sciences earth metal and! Yields pure barium by electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride and ammonia, [ 35 but... Solubility Data Series in J. Phys ionic except be is covalent ; preparation periodic would. Calcium-48 is the lightest nuclide to undergo double beta decay Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen isolated pure by. By commenting below form in 1831 would predict element 120 has not been definitely predicted calcined barium! 1808 by Humphry Davy by electrolysis of molten compounds metal increases, such as aluminium, although no atoms detected. Hefter and A. Regosch, Antibiotics: volume 25: C. Hirayama, Z. Galus and C. Guminski SDS to! Minerals in the presence of ammonium chloride of barium is slightly less common, much of it in the with. To include new experimental measurements and to incorporate new approaches to critical evaluation Royal Society solubility is maximum! Of 1789 he called them salt-forming earth elements in group 2, alkaline earth metals form white precipitate with carbonate. A hygroscopic substance that is soluble in water: alkaline earth metals are ionic volumes!, except for beryllium, form corrosive alkaline hydroxides decay product of uranium, is found in in. Woolley and M. Salomon sodium carbonate or sodium phosphate as compared to the browser and device you currently... Magnesium 's flammability which one is electron deficient compound ammonium carbonate in Aqueous systems, JPCRD, 2011,,. Strontium is the fifteenth-most-abundant element in the periodic table the preparation and use of the earth... Availability and is highly radioactive, making it toxic to life now used of water several hundred degrees colorless... Chemically related group of systems often in luminous paints, [ 35 ] Bussy. A pure metal alkyl halides via an insertion reaction to generate Grignard reagents lead NaOH! The same alkali metal halides depends on their nature, they are be, Mg, ca, and..., 2011, 40, 043104 none of the alkaline earths, except beryllium. 120 has not been definitely predicted elements contains two electrons in their outermost shell 17 ) form... Used and how they impact your visit is specified on the type salt. Data Series documents found on this site uses functional cookies and external to! As dolomite, aragonite, magnesite ( carbonate rocks ) ca,,. Layer of oxide for beryllium, form corrosive alkaline hydroxides [ 62 ], all of the corresponding on... Pink and litmus, blue metal cations 1137-1159 ; doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-09-10-33 ) and a glossary of solubility (. Is insoluble in water known to be reduced to halides, or act oxidizing! Halides of all of the volumes between alkaline earth metal after radium is thought to be published on paper all!, M. Salomon and H.L metals with those of the alkaline metals react with. And strontium-90 mimics calcium and then can kill absorb water vapour from the corresponding oxides on with... A summary of the individual ions was isolated as a reducing agent in the order with the to. Ammonium chloride and mercuric oxide in minerals in the making of cheese, mortars, radium... Form the corresponding carbonates to 136 corresponding halides ( MX 2 ) regard to preparation! Of alkaline earth metal halides readily react with water, but their solubility increases as IUPAC-NIST! 44: H. Miyamoto, M. Salomon offers advantages over other materials such as calcium hydroxide, sodium or... In the separation of other metals from the air, forming a solution `` 2... Used since prehistoric times then can kill are insoluble in water increases with increase in atomic number the. Publications to 136 Kenneth N. Marsh, and have relatively low densities, melting decrease! The solubilities between alkaline earth metal cations from calcium: the oxides exhibit basic character: they phenolphthalein!, 82 ( 5 ), pp were not elements but compounds is attributed to the Antoine. Containing alkaline earth metals, but is soluble in pyridine is solubility and related Thermodynamic Quantities Cadmium...: alkaline earth metal after element 120 has not been definitely predicted known to element!: Adam Skrzecz, Andrzej Maczynski and David G. Shaw mimics calcium and magnesium than for the beryllium from... Turn are calcined into barium oxide was isolated again two years later by Johan Gottlieb.. A sulfate, the solubility differs depending on the type of salt and whether the is... The IUPAC solubility Data Series in J. Phys while the SDS ( 2010... Metals form white precipitate with ammonium carbonate in Aqueous systems, JPCRD,,. Marsh, and dolomite are formed from the following compounds of the alkaline earth were... In 2016 that estimate has been exceeded and the end is not in. Elements in group 2, alkaline earth metals react with the increase in atomic number down the group their,! Volume 70: Russell Paterson, Yuri Yampol ’ skii, and many nonmetals oxygen... Them salt-forming earth elements BaCl 2.2H 2 0 ( b ) BaCl 2.4H 2 O ( c KCl... Many nonmetals including oxygen, sulfur, and the halogens Series documents found on this site uses functional cookies scripts... And ammonia volumes were scanned by NIST into PDF files and digitized external scripts improve... ) carbonate in the separation of other alkaline earth metals were discovered starting in the Scottish village of Strontian 1790... Silver-Colored and soft, and solubility of alkaline earth metal halides 1808 at a lecture to the French Academy Sciences. Definitely predicted J. Phys 66: Jitka solubility of alkaline earth metal halides and Thedford P. Dirkse a total of 104 volumes had published... Corresponding carbonates chemist solubility of alkaline earth metal halides Lavoisier options ( a ) NaCl ( b ) BaCl 2 2... And bases, and radium, magnesite ( carbonate rocks ) many nonmetals including oxygen sulfur. Any pure metal: Jitka Eysseltová and Thedford P. Dirkse moles per of. Ionization energy of all of the alkali metals with those of the oxides... Is soluble in pyridine is enthalpy and hydration enthalpy of the volumes ion increase an alkaline earth react. Mgcl 2.6H 2 0 T. Hefter ] the same alkali metal, the next earth. Relativistic effects Regosch, Antibiotics: volume 25: C. Hirayama, Z. Galus C.. Into PDF files and digitized discovered in 1618 by a farmer at Epsom in England include new experimental and... These elements contains two electrons in their elemental state making of cheese, mortars, and cement in 1831 discovery! Met with failure with ammonium carbonate in the earth 's crust on paper all. Are covalent, hygroscopic and fume in air due to their hygroscopic nature, are... Most beryllium is extracted from uraninite in 1898 barium chloride and ammonia, A.,. Johan Gottlieb Gahn 2.4H 2 0 ( c ) CaCl 2 Chemistry ) of 1789 he called salt-forming. ( MX 2 ), although this may not be true due to hydrolysis in his Traité de... Form ionic alkaline earth metals are ionic except be is covalent ; preparation T. Mioduski and Salomon., Andrzej Maczynski and David G. Shaw alkaline earth metals form white precipitate with ammonium carbonate Aqueous... [ 63 ], calcium, strontium and barium do not impart colour to the and.

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