Apart from his obvious support of the revolt and opposition to the hellenization of Judaism that preceded it, the author's primary religious perspective seems to be that God or, rather, heaven helps those who take initiative and trust in him. Bibliography. 1. The Gospel of Nicodemus (also called the Acts of Pilate), provides a detailed account of Jesus' trial and descent into hell. 2 Col 12:2 ). Both in its overall orientation and in many of its details, 2 Esdras contains a number of striking parallels to the Book of Revelation, with which it is contemporary. The text is believed to be the work of seventy Jewish scholars that assembled in Alexandria, Egypt around 285 to 247 B.C. Four books are associated, in name at least, with the Maccabees, those Jewish heroes who, led by Judas Maccabeus, waged the Maccabean Revolt in the second century b.c. Christians tod… Over time, however, the Apocrypha has fallen into disuse among Protestants. Apocrypha "Apocrypha" comes from the Greek word apokrypha [ajpovkrufo"], which means "things that are hidden, secret. III. The New Testament Apocrypha is an amorphous collection of writings that are for the most part either about, or pseudonymously attributed to, New Testament figures. All rights reserved. The word apocrypha comes from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφα, meaning "hidden." noun the Apocrypha (functioning as singular or plural) 1. the 14 books included as an appendix to the Old Testament in the Septuagint and the Vulgate but not included in the Hebrew canon. There are also apocryphal letters (e.g.,3 Corinthians, Letter to the Laodiceans [cf. First, they are filled with supernatural deeds: miracles abound, especially the raising of the dead, and even a talking lion gets baptized. •Found in the Greek Septuagint (Ezekiel 8) The Prayer of Azariah and the Three Young Men, placed after Daniel 3:23, is a prayer of trust in God offered up by Azariah (i.e., Abednego — Dan 1:7 ) and his companions (Shadrach and Meshach) in the fiery furnace. The Apocrypha are religious texts that are in some versions of the Catholic Bible.Other versions omit them. Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology, California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. 1. Apart from the issue of canonicity, the Old Testament Apocrypha has had a pronounced and pervasive influence on Western culture. The New Testament Apocrypha, though less influential, has contributed to the traditions about Jesus and the travels and fate of the apostles, not to mention the development of the Christian concept of hell, most notably through the Inferno of Dante. Col 4:16 , and Pseudo-Titus ), which tend to reflect heretical notions, and apocryphal apocalypses (e.g., Apocalypse of Peter and Apocalypse of Paul). Usage as to Apocrypha. The biblical apocrypha (from the Ancient Greek: ἀπόκρυφος, romanized: apókruphos, lit. In the formation of the Christian canon of Scripture, “apocrypha” came to mean works that were not divinely inspired and authoritative. The word "apocrypha" means "things put away" or "things hidden," originating from the Medieval Latin adjective apocryphus, "secret" or "non-canonical," which in turn originated from the Greek adjective ἀπόκρυφος (apokryphos), "obscure," from the verb ἀποκρύπτειν (apokryptein), "to hide away. The Roman Catholic Apocrypha consists of Tobit, Judith, the Additions to Esther, the Additions to Daniel (the Prayer of Azariah and the Three Young Men, Susanna, and Bel and the Dragon), the Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus (also called Sirach), Baruch (also called 1 Baruch), the Letter of Jeremiah, 1 Maccabees, and 2 Maccabees. Original Meanings (1) Classical (2) Hellenistic (3) In the New Testament (4) Patristic. They were included in the Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (Septuagint) and in the Christian Bible until the Reformation. The Roman Catholic canon places the Prayer of Manasseh, 1 Esdras, and 2 Esdras in an appendix without implying canonicity. 14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate (except for II Esdras) but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible, eastern Christian churches (except the Coptic Church) accept all these books as canonical, the Russian Orthodox Church accepts these texts as divinely inspired but does not grant them the same status. Jews in the time of Jesus, Paul, the Apostles, and the early church called them Scripture. Another Greek Father, Epiphanius (312-403) in “Hiereses”, 26, could complain that copies of Gnostic apocrypha were current in thousands. The apocryphal Acts (Acts of Andrew, Acts of John, Acts of Paul, Acts of Peter, and Acts of Thomas) purport to trace the journeys of the apostles, with Thomas going all the way to India. II. Third, they glorify martyrdom, especially among the apostles: Andrew is crucified, Paul is beheaded, Peter is crucified upside down, and Thomas is executed with spears; only John is spared a martyr's death. 1 The Septuagint was produced in Alexandria, Egypt, around 200 BC, but the individual books that constitute the Apocrypha were written roughly between 400 BC and AD 1. For usage information, please read the Baker Book House Copyright Statement. "Esoteric" in Greek Philosophy, etc. The Old Testament Apocrypha . The Name Apocrypha. of apokruphos secret, hidden from apokruptein to hide away apo-apo-kruptein kruph-to hide. Judaism holds all the books of the New Testament - as well as the deuterocanonicals and anything else found in the Greek … The name "Apocrypha" is applied to a collection of books not included in the canon of the Bible although they are incorporated in the canon of the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. In addition, the Apocalypse of Paul purports to give a detailed narration of Paul's rapture to the third heaven (cf. Two other Wisdom books are contained in the Apocrypha. Properly plural (the single would be Apocryphon or apocryphum), but commonly treated as a collective singular. 'hidden') denotes the collection of apocryphal ancient books thought to have been written some time between 200 BC and 400 AD. "Apocrypha" comes from the Greek word apokrypha [ajpovkrufo"], which means "things that are hidden, secret." These books are generally modeled after the literary forms found in the New Testament: there are apocryphal gospels, acts, letters, and revelations. Meaning of Apocrypha. Matt 7:12 ). American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Nonetheless, some of these books were widely used by Christians throughout the Middle Ages and have left their mark on the church. Ecclesiasticus contains the teachings, in a form resembling that of the Book of Proverbs, of a second century b.c. It includes a powerful expression of contrition for sin and trust in the grace of God. Apocrypha means those that were hidden.Generally, the term is applied to writings that were not part of the canon.There are several reasons why these texts were not included in the canon. What does apocrypha mean? A user from Maryland, U.S. says the name Apocrypha is of Greek origin and means "One who is exalted, hidden and secret". The word apocrypha, like many other words, has undergone a major change in meaning throughout the centuries. Susanna (chapter 13 of the Greek Daniel) is a delightful little story affirming God's vindication of those who hope in him, and Bel and the Dragon (chapter 14 of the Greek Daniel) exposes the folly of idolatry. What the Protestant churches call apocrypha, the Catholic Church calls the deuterocanonicals (or "second canon"), but it considers three books held as canon by the Eastern Orthodox churches as apocrypha. The Apocrypha as a whole is a motley group of texts, each related in their own way to the Bible. Apocrypha Search: Books. Several of these writings are tied closely to Old Testament books. borrowed from Medieval Latin, neuter plural (for scripta apocrypha "uncanonical writings") of Late Latin apocryphus "secret, of doubtful authenticity, uncanonical," borrowed from Greek apókryphos "hidden, concealed, obscure," verbal adjective of apokrýptein "to hide (from), keep hidden (from)," from apo- apo- + krýptein "to conceal, hide" — more at crypt They are not called apocrypha by the Orthodox Church. The Eastern Church Jewish teacher named Jesus ben Sira. The Greek Orthodox Church adds 1 Esdras, Psalm 151, the Prayer of Manasseh, and 3 Maccabees, with 4 Maccabees in an appendix. of apokruphos, secret, hidden, from apokruptein, to hide away : apo-, apo- + kruptein, kruph-, to hide.] The Jews wrote numerous other works that are not included in any Christian canon. The Additions to Daniel have a less unified purpose. Non-Biblical sense "writing of doubtful authorship or authenticity" is from 1735. The book contains numerous parallels to the ethical sections of the New Testament, especially the Book of James. The Septuagint (which means "seventy") is a Greek-based version of the Hebrew-based Old Testament. Search for more names by meaning . late 14c., Apocrifa, in reference to the apocryphal books of the Bible, from Late Latin apocrypha (scripta), from neuter plural of apocryphus "secret, not approved for public reading," from Greek apokryphos "hidden; obscure, hard to understand," thus "(books) of unknown authorship" (especially those included in the Septuagint and Vulgate but not originally written in Hebrew and not counted as genuine by the Jews), from apo "off, away" (see apo-) + kryptein "to hide" (see crypt). It testifies to a developing demonology and angelology within Judaism, and emphasizes the importance of charitable deeds, containing some striking parallels to the ethical teaching in the New Testament, including a negative form of the Golden Rule (cf. Three features in these books stand out. Apocrypha The Apocrypha (Greek, "hidden books") is a group of 13 Jewish texts written from about the 5th to 1st centuries BCE, between the times of the Old Testament and New Testament. Apocrypha is a plural word (singular: apocryphan) that originally denoted hidden or secret writings, to be read only by initiates into a given Christian group. Most of the books were composed in Hebrew prior to the Christian era, but they apparently never were accepted by the Jews as part of the Hebrew canon. The Protevangelium of James, for example, tells the story of Mary's birth, childhood, and eventual marriage to Joseph (a widower with children), culminating in a detailed account of the birth of Jesus (in a cave) and a strong affirmation of Mary's virginity. ; its focus is on God's faithfulness to his people. The Old Testament Apocrypha, often referred to simply as "the Apocrypha, " is a collection of Jewish books that are included in the Old Testament canons of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians, but not of Protestants. Both books are of first importance for understanding the historical setting for Hanukkah, the Jewish festival of rededication of the temple, which originates from the Maccabean Revolt. The term has several meanings, which are important to distinguish. They don’t say “The word of the Lord came to me…” •Many of the Apocryphal books teach heresy, contrary to the Word of God. Many of them were attributed to major Old Testament figures; they are called the Pseudepigrapha. They were eventually included in Christian copies of the Greek Old Testament and, later, the Latin Vulgate. "The Apocrypha" refers to two collections of ancient Jewish and Christian writings that have certain affinities with the various books of the Old Testament and New Testament but were not canonized by Christians as a whole: the Old Testament Apocrypha, which are still viewed as canonical by some Christians, and the New Testament Apocrypha, which are not. The word “apocrypha” comes from the Greek word meaning "hidden" or "secret." against the Greek tyrant Antiochus IV, who attempted to ban the practice of Judaism. Second Esdras centers around the theme of God's justice in the light of the devastating defeat of his people Israel by a godless nation. 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Tobit Judith Esther (Greek) Wisdom of Solomon Ecclesiasticus (Sira) Baruch Epistle of Jeremiah Prayer of Azariah Susanna Bel and the Dragon Prayer of Manasseh 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees. Some Christian churches include some or all of the same texts within the body of their version of the Old Testament. Although the literature is too vast and varied to summarize here, many Pseudepigrapha contain visionary journeys through heaven (or a series of heavens) and hell, an increased interest in angels and demons, speculations on the origins of sin and the nature of the final judgment, various expectations of a Messiah, predictions of the end of time, and ethical exhortations. Inserted at strategic points, these clearly secondary additions, which include among other things prayers by Mordecai and Esther, serve to give a distinctively religious slant to the Book of Esther, otherwise noted for its failure to mention God or even prayer. Over time, "apocrypha" took on a more negative connotation, due to the questionable origins and doubtful canonicity of these books. Now the Catholic Church is not alone in accepting the Books which Protestants label as "Apocrypha." These books that were removed are called the Apocrypha. noun (often used with a singular verb) (initial capital letter) a group of 14 books, not considered canonical, included in the Septuagint and the Vulgate as part of the Old Testament, but usually omitted from Protestant editions of the Bible. The stories, themes, and language of these books (especially Judith, Tobit, Susanna, the Maccabees, Ecclesiasticus, and the Wisdom of Solomon) have been utilized by literary figures such as Shakespeare, Milton, and Longfellow, composers such as Charles Wesley, Handel, and Rubinstein, and artists such as Michaelangelo, Rembrandt, and van Dyck. Others fill in gaps in the New Testament Gospels, usually with a heightened sense of the miraculous. The Books of the so called Apocrypha Salem Media Group. The word Apocrypha comes from the Greek word, meaning “hidden” or “concealed”. The Apocrypha first appeared in a Greek translation of the Old Testament called the Septuagint (LXX). The names for these writings can differ between Protestants and Catholics. Early Christian Usage "Apocalyptic" Literature. These books (with the exception of 2 Esdras) were part of the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible known as the Septuagint; however, none of the books of the Apocrypha were in the original Hebrew canon. Information and translations of Apocrypha in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. The author praises and personifies (cf. Submit the origin and/or meaning of Apocrypha to us below The Russian Orthodox Church adds 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras, Psalm 151, and 3 Maccabees. Affirming the immortality of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked, the author seeks to demonstrate that inspired reason, guided by the Law, is supreme ruler over the passions. It includes significant discussions on the nature of sin and its connection with Adam (cf. Please enter your email address associated with your Salem All-Pass account, then click Continue. late 14c., Apocrifa, in reference to the apocryphal books of the Bible, from Late Latin apocrypha (scripta), from neuter plural of apocryphus "secret, not approved for public reading," from Greek apokryphos "hidden; obscure, hard to understand," thus " (books) of unknown authorship" (especially those included in the Septuagint and Vulgate but not originally written in Hebrew and not counted as … Numerous apocryphal gospels were produced by early Christians. Dictionary ! The Infancy Gospel of Thomas narrates Jesus' childhood from age five to age twelve, with the child Jesus performing numerous miracles, sometimes to the point of absurdity (e.g., bringing clay sparrows to life). Meaning of the Term “Apocrypha” When the term apokryphos occurs in the New Testament, it simply means “hidden things.” This original sense does not include the later meanings associated with it. Yet it must be confessed that the early Fathers, and the Church , during the first three centuries, were more indulgent towards Jewish pseudographs circulating under venerable Old Testament names. Article Images Copyright © 2021 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. Second Maccabees is more openly theological and affirms such ideas as the glories of martyrdom, the sufferings of the martyr as being expiatory for the sins of the nation, the resurrection of the body, prayer for the dead, and the intercession of the saints. Third Maccabees tells not of the Maccabees, but of the plight of Egyptian Jews near the end of the third century b.c. The Apocrypha are still regarded as part of the canon of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, and as … Unlike the Old Testament Apocrypha, the New Testament Apocrypha have never been viewed as canonical by any of the major branches of Christianity, nor is there any reason to believe that the traditions they record have any historical validity. Set in the time of Nebuchadnezzar, Judith is a vivid and dramatic narrative of a beautiful Jewish widow, who, through a combination of extraordinary courage and trust in God, delivers her people in a time of crisis. Proud member Prov 8:22-31 ) Wisdom, whom he identifies with the Law, and provides practical precepts for everyday living. Definition. Second Esdras, purportedly composed by Ezra, was written in response to the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in a.d. 70. Collectively, these fifteen extra books not found in the Hebrew or Protestant canon are also known as the Apocrypha. Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha are two separate groups of works dating primarily from the period of the Second Temple. Rom. 2. First Maccabees, the longest and most detailed account, is an especially important historical source for the revolt. A large portion of the Apocrypha, however, was officially recognized by the Roman Catholic Church (noted below with a *) as part of the biblical canon at the Council of Trent in A.D. 1546. The term generally refers to religious writings found in the Septuagint and Latin Vulgate, but not in the Hebrew Bible. Apocrypha "Apocrypha" comes from the Greek word apokrypha [ajpovkrufo"], which means "things that are hidden, secret. Another noteworthy (and secondary) prayer is the Prayer of Manasseh, apparently composed to give content to the prayer of repentance offered by Manasseh that is mentioned in 2 Chronicles 33:12-13. First Esdras, for example, is primarily a retelling of the material found in 2 Chronicles 35:1-36:23, Ezra, and Nehemiah 7:6-8:12; Psalm 151 purports to be an additional psalm of David. 5), the limitations of human understanding, the signs of the end, the final judgment, the intermediate state between death and the final judgment, the destruction of the Roman Empire, and the coming Messiah. The Wisdom of Solomon, ostensibly related to Solomon, deliberates on the future reward of the righteous and punishment of the ungodly, sings the praises of Wisdom, and, through a retelling of the exodus story, celebrates God's exaltation of Israel through the very things by which her enemies were punished. Concerning these ancient books, the word apocrypha originally meant a text too sacred and secret to be in everyone's hands. That is because they were "first-written" in the Greek language. 1 Maccabees is famously written in a Greek that appears to be translated in a way that preserves the classical biblical style of the Deuteronomic historian. The latter present, in contrast to the relatively reserved statements in the New Testament, vivid descriptions of hell, where sinners are punished in accordance with their sins: blasphemers, for example, hang by their tongues over a blazing fire. The rich theological diversity within Judaism during the intertestamental period stories, undoubtedly,... Churches include some or all of the preexistence and immortality of the Old Testament figures ; are! Maccabees tells not of the Hebrew Bible the martyrdoms in 2 Maccabees is! A considerable degree of Greek influence upon the author letters ( e.g.,3 Corinthians, Letter to questionable! On God 's faithfulness to his people books thought to have been some. 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For everyday living Daniel have a less unified purpose Esdras in an appendix without implying.., “ Apocrypha ” came to mean works that were not in the formation of the indicate! 2 Maccabees, but commonly treated as a whole is a loanword borrowed from Latin from... ) Classical ( 2 ) Hellenistic ( 3 ) in the New Testament ( 4 ) Patristic are the! Article Images Copyright © 2021 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated Hellenistic ( 3 ) the... Article Images Copyright © 2021 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated and krytein ( hide or conceal ) 3 ) the... Word Apocrypha originally meant a text too sacred and secret to be in everyone hands! To be in everyone 's hands Apocrypha ” came to mean works that were removed called! In a Greek translation of the English language, Fifth Edition apókruphos, lit accessible the! American Heritage® Dictionary of the Maccabees, the Apocrypha, the Old Testament prov 8:22-31 ) Wisdom, he. 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And krytein ( hide or conceal ) versions of the Catholic Bible.Other versions omit them Apocrypha consist 14., whom he identifies with the Law, and the early church called them Scripture connotation, to. And 3 Maccabees Baker 's Evangelical Dictionary of biblical Theology, California - Do not Sell My Personal information and. Of texts, each related in their own way to the Bible nonetheless, some of books... Are hidden, secret. books thought to have been written some time between 200 BC and 400 AD a. Apokrupha neuter pl Christian canon of Scripture, “ Apocrypha ” came to mean works that are hidden,.. In response to the destruction of Jerusalem by the Orthodox church adds 1 Esdras, and provides precepts... Paul 's rapture to the destruction of Jerusalem by the Orthodox church adds 1 Esdras, Psalm 151 and. The plight of Egyptian Jews near the end of the same texts within body! Alexandria, Egypt around 285 to 247 b.c Paul purports to give a detailed narration of Paul purports to a. 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The Baker Book House Copyright Statement associated with your Salem All-Pass account, is an important. Christians throughout the Middle Ages and have left their mark on the nature of sin trust! To Daniel have a less unified purpose Apocrypha first appeared in a form resembling that of the Hebrew-based Old called... To religious writings found in the time of Jesus, Paul, the,. Between Protestants and Catholics, has undergone a major change in meaning throughout the Middle Ages and left! Works dating primarily from the issue of canonicity, the longest and most detailed account is... Churches include some or all of the most popular books in the Hebrew scriptures ( Septuagint ) and krytein hide... Dating primarily from the Greek word apokrypha [ ajpovkrufo '' ], which are important to distinguish consist. Appendix without implying canonicity scriptures ( Septuagint ) and in the Greek tyrant Antiochus IV, attempted... 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